Herbs for Voice Database: Developing a Rational Approach to the Study of Herbal Remedies Used in Voice Care

Herbs have been used for voice care since ancient times and many herbal remedies are still in use every geographical areas cultures, both as traditional medicine sources of botanicals commercial products. Many these plants extracts other phytopreparates, a full phytochemical analysis is sometimes incomplete or lacking. The mechanisms action include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, mucolytic, general activities; nevertheless, that could be specifically referred to often unknown, well the corresponding molecular targets therefore rational approach hard applied by phoniatricians. To address this problem, we collected information on from several different areas, using literature data pool contributors an international network artistic phoniatrics vocologists. organized database (Herbs Voice Database) classified according natural compounds contained them, their pathologies they recommended for. This first contains 44 plants, 101 phytocompounds, 32 recognized targets. distribution herbs phytocompounds botanical families, known biological activity, uses, were analyzed. In particular, shows somatosensory pain receptor Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 ion channel targeted large number phytochemicals voice, involved mechanism common plants. Dysphonia symptom affects nearly one-third population at some point life but has prevalence among people with demanding vocal loads,1Stachler RJ Francis DO Schwartz SR et al.Clinical practice guideline: hoarseness (dysphonia) (update), otolaryngol.Neck Surg. 2018; 158: S1-S42https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599817751030Crossref Scopus (124) Google Scholar which teachers, lawyers, singers, actors, politicians, more.2Chitguppi C Raj A Meher R al.Speaking nonspeaking professionals: who better voice?.J Voice. 32: 45-50https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.03.003Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed (7) Most disorders do not deserve surgical intervention,3Przysiezny PE Przysiezny LTS Work-related disorder.Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2015; 81: 202-211https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2014.03.003Crossref (20) Scholar, 4EMA/HMPCAssessment report Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., herba.Eur Med Agency. 2014; : 44Google 5Biagi M Phytotherapy arts medicin.in: Proceedings International Conference CoMeT, 17-19 November, Milano, Italy2016Google may solved treatments, comprising phytotherapy. was fundamental tool also societies oldest form healthcare protect voice: it brings together practices physicians knowledge generations selecting formulation treatment dysphonia. Among those remedies, (SO) Scop. one most frequently formulations diseases Europe countries. SO, English hedge mustard, annual wild plant belonging Brassicaceae family, native Mediterranean area. name “erysimum” comes Greeks ????????, ???? = I save ????? sing. As can revive “the singer's plant.” popular names given various languages reflect widespread about protective activity tract plant. SO aerial parts traditionally remedy airway ailments such loss laryngitis, pharyngitis, coughs, asthma. An infusion whole all throat diseases.4EMA/HMPCAssessment pharmacological analgesic, antitussive, myorelaxant,5Biagi broad spectrum antimicrobial6Blazevi? Maravic Radoni? al.Hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale): chemical diversity volatiles antimicrobial activity.Chem Biodivers. 2010; 7: 2023-2034https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200900234Crossref (33) antimutagenic properties.7Di Sotto Di Giacomo S Vitalone al.Antimutagenic thio officinale.J Nat Prod. 2012; 75: 2062-2068https://doi.org/10.1021/np300244qCrossref (14) Its effect alleviating disability cohort 104 patients showing degree discomfort recently reported.8Calcinoni O “singers’ efficacy reducing perceived disability.J Otolaryngol. 2017; 8: 00243-00248https://doi.org/10.15406/joentr.2017.08.00243Crossref Recently us9Borgonovo G Zimbaldi N De Nisi P al.Isothiocyanates glucosinolates (the “singers'plant”): isolation vitro assays TRPA1 channel.Molecules. 2019; 24: 949-960https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050949Crossref (10) showed isopropylisothiocyanate 2-butylisothiocyanate, two main isothiocyanates strong agonists (TRPA1) receptor, mediation inflammatory neurogenic pain10Nilius B Owsianik Voets T al.Transient potential cation channels disease.Physiol Rev. 2007; 87: 165-217https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00021.2006Crossref (1094) 11Grace MS Baxter Dubuis E (TRP) airway: role disease.Br Pharmacol. 171: 2593-2607https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12538Crossref (120) 12Benemei Patacchini Trevisani al.TRP channels.Curr Opin 22: 18-23https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2015.02.006Crossref (63) suggesting mediator therapeutic effects SO. Beside commonly “over-the-counter” there growing interest “symptomatic” clinical phoniatricians Nevertheless, lack comparative studies subject: how employed over world? Which active principles contain? target related common? Is behind modality use, indications combination more phytopreparation? Aim work propose answer questions, following same already that, built called “Herbs Database,” containing therapy world. It based collection, classification, existing data, aim investigate putative connection between therein, obtain useful operating protection list us (OC) contribution eight experts countries (Belgium, Canada, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Turkey, US), order consider representation. (name, affiliation, country) listed database. They provided informations prescribe allowed only mainly selected performances All asked permission cited search relevant performed databases: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, European Medicines Agency's (EMA) website specialized publications.13Seidman Complementary alternative medicines voice.Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery-Laryngology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher, New Dehli, India2015Google We medicinal alone keywords: hoarseness, aphonia, throat, larynx, pharynx, vocal, phonation, cough, respiratory, antinociceptive, TRPA1, antioxidant, antitussive. Keywords chosen provide overall assessment evaluate coherence remedies. Data elaborated Microsoft Excel Office (2016). complete file matrix 192 rows, 16 columns 160 bibliographic references. uploaded Dataverse, “Herbs_for_Voice_ database_public_version_20190503” published Dataverse project (Harvard University). Date deposition: May 2, Voice, Harvard Dataverse. With obtained information, spreadsheet entries: scientific name; family name(s) English; languages, when available; preparation/parts studied; isolated compounds; activities targets; effective doses; uses; toxicity; interactions drugs; side effects; contraindications; contributors; Information (species name, families synonyms, available) checked correct attribution. Some instead one, attribution species evaluated verified wherever possible. For each made survey find substances involved, relation voice. Since nociception contain channel, our highlighted if agonists. reports uses respiratory symptoms like dyspnea, irritation, cold, asthma, similar terms. Other directly “antioxidant,” reported primary compound. available. them kind preparations administrations (eg, infusions, essential oils etc); (leaves, seeds, roots contraindications, interaction drugs. total fungus lichen listed. 40 23 families. five cases (Drosera spp., Mentha Eucalyptus Rosa Citrus spp.), considered genus, because identified. identified widely diffused used, tea (Camellia sinensis Kuntze), ginger (Zingiber Roscoe) peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.); others less limited spread, bitter kola (Garcinia Heckel) oroxylum (Oroxylum indicum Kurz). Database mostly food okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench). knowledge, plant”) almost exclusively its specific compared expressed percentage, entire domain world14Stevens PF Angiosperm. Phylogeny Website.2017http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/Google (Figure 1). bar graph Lamiaceae (12.5%), while owing represent 8% Also Malvaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae represented higher proportion than general. Instead Asteraceae, largest world, accounting around 30% species, reaches no 10% analyzed associated found 18 activities: anti-inflammatory (41 plants), analgesic (37 antipyretic (2 antioedematous anaesthetic (20 antibacterial (25 antifungal (10 antiviral (6 antioxidant (26 antitussive (8 expectorant spasmolytic myorelaxant secretolytic (3 immunomodulatory immunostimulant antihyaluronidase (1 plant), tissue cellular plants). shown Figure panel a. merged similarities. Anti-inflammatory antipyretic. Antimicrobial antifungal, antiviral. Antitussive incorporated expectorant, spasmolytic, anaesthetic, secretolytic. Immunomodulatory immunomodulatory. “Others” includes activities. pooling highlight important These three correlated upper airways, laryngitis. further refined excluding “others.” After filter, resulted database, 27, 25, 25% respectively. final result b. sum account 77% total, followed (12%) immunomodulating (11%) renders 17 recorded used: sore pain, inflammation, improving singing infection, fever, constipation, bronchitis, mucous protection, asthma 3, a) 3 bronchitis cold. then into four categories:-irritation symptoms, inflammation;-infection effects, bronchitis;-respiratory impairments, protection;-voice quality alteration, eg, improvement indicates irritation (40%) infection (33%), impairments (19%) alteration (8%). Finally, Database. targets: peripheral nervous system; central microbial membrane; NO (Nitric Oxide); PGs (prostaglandins); IL (interleukins); macrophages; NF-kb (Nuclear factor k-light-chain-enhancer activated cells); LOX (Lipoxygenase Enzyme); COX (Cyclo-Oxygenase Enzyme;) GABA (? Aminobutyric acid) receptors; dopaminergic opioid adrenoreceptors; 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine) TRPM8 (Transient Melastatin type 8) channels. cases, complex systems CNS, membranes. level receptors opioids, channel. diagram 4) relative frequency citation Within far target. Agonists 27 61.3% Despite importance human development communication, neglected research. multifaceted problem phonatory apparatus organs tissues subject possible attacks external agent undergo malfunctioning due physical, functional and/or psychological impairment. conventional treatment, interesting especially case minor symptoms. According World Health Organization 80% developing rely health needs.15World OrganizationTraditional medicine; needs potential.WHO Policy Perspectives Medicines. WHO, Geneva2002: 1-6Google western countries, consumers’ demand increasing globally.16SA Nirmal, SC Pal, Otimenyin, al. Contribution Herbal Products Global Market, Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320357308 (accessed 27/12/ 2019).Google need practical, comprehensive, accepted framework research proposed Organization.17Tilburt JC Kaptchuk TJ Medicine Research Health: Ethical Analysis. 86. Bulletin Organization, 2008: 577-656https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/07-042820/en/Google pathologies, available care, few appropriate standardized protocols interpretation outcomes doubtful. creation collecting systematic step matter way. observations emerge preliminary data. largely phytopreparates. singers effect. Over above effectiveness, easy pleasant taste flavor, make very remedy. features shared aromatic mint, oregano, sage, cinnamon, eucalyptus thymus, oral hygiene mild trait. instance, Drosera generally Echinacea immunostimulation, Malva sylvestris, Calendula officinalis soothe irritations okra. Botanical Lamiacee consistent fact above. Moreover, flavor characterized properties mediated TRP (pungency) (cooling effect). Interestingly, “freshness,” desirable feature products inflammation cavity, possibly contributes reduce sensation discomfort. reduction consequent Laryngeal feedback plays regulation normal functions, production, altered sensory larynx variety pathological reflex responses including dysphonia.18Simonyan K Feng X Henriquez VM al.Combined laryngeal trauma mediate long-lasting immunoreactivity response brainstem nuclei rat.Front Integr Neurosci. 6: 1-10https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2012.00097Crossref (9) input alterations occur induced abuse, fold others.19Bonvini SJ Belvisi MG Cough disease: channels.Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 47: 21-28https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2017.06.009Crossref (52) Accordingly, show described maybe communicative value hampered inflammation. having broader immunological system, purpurea Oroxylum smaller (11%). note Western immunology started Jenner 1796 relatively recent acquisition, whereas medicines, Chinese, existence defensive – qi apt enhance it. enlargement coming Chinese might help explanations aspect. aims study. Medicinal populations derived trial error procedures, offered local biodiversity. Therefore, look pathways biomas within challenging. Indeed, seems support hypothesis should found. well-known pain. finding reinforces multipurpose sensor included previously demonstrated vitro. 5 subfamilies (panel b) activity. (around 50%) percentage much greater opioids receptors, typical (both 20%). NF-kB COX, possess cell types principally neurons (spinal dorsal root ganglia, nasal trigeminal, vagal neurons), lung fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, bronchial alveolar epithelium cells.11Grace Scholar,20Hansen E. Arendt-Nielsen L Boudreau SA comparison young adult smokers non-smokers.Front Physiol. 1-11https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00663Crossref (6) part lungs defense system immunohistochemical oropharynx larynx.21Moore Gupta Jordt SE al.Regulation itch channels.Neurosci Bull. 34: 120-142https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-017-0200-8Crossref (125) trigeminal ganglia innervating airways appreciable expression.22Liu BY Tsai TL Ho CY al.Role TRPV1 ROS-dependent superior capsaicin-sensitive afferents cigarette smoke anesthetized rats.Pulm 2013; 26: 364-372https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2013.01.010Crossref (21) nerves, nerves subpopulation sensitive noxious stimuli via activation channels.23Nassini Pedretti Moretto ankyrin localized non-neuronal cells promotes non-neurogenic inflammation.PLoS One. e42454https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042454Crossref (166) stimulation produce modulate response,21Moore furthermore linked trigger bronchoconstriction, irritation. At results, 67.5% Besides, S. officinale, plant, activate subsequently desensitize vitro.9Borgonovo well-represented cases. thermosensor besides perception cold humans.24Bautista DM Siemens Glazer JM al.The menthol principal detector environmental cold.Nature. 448: 204-208https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05910Crossref (886) lingual nerve fibers tongue, neuron tissues.24Bautista Scholar,25Boonen Startek Talavera Chemical channels.in: Kratwurst D. Taste Smell. Springer Publishing, Switzerland2017: 73-114Google TRM8 desensitization controlled multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Plants cooling menthol, eucalyptol eugenol, quite performance. conclusion, represents initial gain care. outcome would under-represented Asia, Africa, Australia, participatory science community. intriguing aspects historical, environmental, cultural benefit collection. problems travelling world will formulate compensating actual bases explaining physiological effects. suggest evidence-based treatments field give hints therapy. thank contributions building (in alphabetical order): Dr. Zineida Bogulepova (Moscow, Russia), Amy Chan (Toronto, Canada), Prof. Philippe Dejonckere (Leuven, Belgium), Ilter Denizoglu (Izmir, Turkey), Ewa Niebudek-Bogusz (Lodz, Poland), Pedro Melo Pestana (Porto, Portugal),22Liu Herbert Steven Sims (Chicago, IL). Fondazione Cariplo , Erisimo 2017 funding work. Download .xlsx (.07 MB) Help xlsx files